Java源代码学习 -- java.lang.String

java.lang.String是使用频率非常高的类。要想更好的使用java.lang.String类,了解其源代码实现是非常有必要的。由java.lang.String,自然联想到java.lang.StringBuffer和java.lang.StringBuilder,下篇文章再来研究java.lang.StringBuffer和java.lang.StringBuilder。

重要属性

java.lang.String对象中字符串主要是以字符数组的形式存储。当调用对象方法获取字符串长度时,直接返回数组长度。判断字符串是否为空isEmpty()时,也直接检查数组长度是否为0。其部分发生代码如下所示:

1     /** The value is used for character storage. */

2     private final char value[];

3

4     /** Cache the hash code for the string */

5     private int hash; // Default to 0

value:存储字符串的字符数组。该数组为final变量,一旦赋值,将不会更改。

hash:该String对象的哈希值。

构造方法

java.lang.String对象构造方法比较多,列举如下:

1     public String()

2     public String(String original)

3     public String(char value[])

4     public String(char value[], int offset, int count)

5     public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count)

6 @Deprecated

7     public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte, int offset, int count)

8 @Deprecated

9     public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte)

10     public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, String charsetName) throws UnsupportedEncodingException

11     public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, Charset charset)

12     public String(byte bytes[], String charsetName) throws UnsupportedEncodingException

13     public String(byte bytes[], Charset charset)

14     public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length)

15     public String(byte bytes[])

16     public String(StringBuffer buffer)

17     public String(StringBuilder builder)

在 public String(StringBuffer buffer) 中,传入形参为StringBuffer,StringBuffer为线程安全类。则在此构造方法内部进行了synchronized关键字锁同步。代码如下:

1     public String(StringBuffer buffer) {

2         synchronized(buffer) {

3             this.value = Arrays.copyOf(buffer.getValue(), buffer.length());

4         }

5     }

在 public String(StringBuilder builder) 中,传入形参为StringBuilder,StringBuilder为非线程安全类。则在此构造方法内部内部未做同步处理,对比 public String(StringBuffer buffer) 。代码如下:

1     public String(StringBuilder builder) {

2         this.value = Arrays.copyOf(builder.getValue(), builder.length());

3     }

常用方法

java.lang.String对象中封装方法非常多,仅针对常用方法源代码进行分析。如:equals(),replace(), indexOf(),startsWith(),compareTo(),regionMathes(),hashCode()。

public boolean equals(Object anObject)

用于比较两对象存储内容是否相同。采用比较巧妙的方式进行排除比较:

(1)先“==”比较两对象是否是同一对象,若是,直接返回true, 否则进一步判断;

(2)判断待比较对象类型是否是java.lang.String,若不是,直接返回false,否则进一步判断;

(3)判断两字符串长度是否相等,若不是直接返回false,否则进一步判断;

(4)从字符数组中第一个字符开始,依次进行比较,一旦发现不相同字符直接返回false,若所在字符均相同则返回true。对字符数组中字符依次进行比较是一件非常耗时的操作,将此操作放在最后执行,先利用其它条件进行对其进行判断。比较巧妙!

1     public boolean equals(Object anObject) {

2         if (this == anObject) {

3             return true;

4         }

5         if (anObject instanceof String) {

6             String anotherString = (String)anObject;

7             int n = value.length;

8             if (n == anotherString.value.length) {

9                 char v1[] = value;

10                 char v2[] = anotherString.value;

11                 int i = 0;

12                 while (n-- != 0) {

13                     if (v1[i] != v2[i])

14                         return false;

15                     i++;

16                 }

17                 return true;

18             }

19         }

20         return false;

21     }

public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

将字符串中指定字符替换为新的字符。

(1)先判断待替换字符和新字符是否相同,若相同,则直接返回原字符串,若不同,则继续执行;

(2)找出第一次出现待替换字符位置i,创建新的等长字符数组,将该位置之前的字符依次放入新的字符数组中;

(3)从位置i处依次遍历比较原字符数组中字符是否是待替换字符,若是,则将新字符放入新字符数组对应位置,若不是,则将原字符数组中字符放入对应位置。巧妙做了一个小优化,直接找出第一次出现待替换字符的位置,再从此处开始遍历,提高效率。

1     public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {

2         if (oldChar != newChar) {

3             int len = value.length;

4             int i = -1;

5             char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */

6  

7             while (++i < len) {

8                 if (val[i] == oldChar) {

9                     break;

10                 }

11             }

12             if (i < len) {

13                 char buf[] = new char[len];

14                 for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {

15                     buf[j] = val[j];

16                 }

17                 while (i < len) {

18                     char c = val[i];

19                     buf[i] = (c == oldChar) ? newChar : c;

20                     i++;

21                 }

22                 return new String(buf, true);

23             }

24         }

25         return this;

26     }

public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement)

该方法是我们通常意义所用到的 public String replace(String target, String replacement) ,java.lang.String实现了java.lang.CharSequence接口。方法内部调用正则表达式匹配替换来实现。

1     public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) {

2         return Pattern.compile(target.toString(), Pattern.LITERAL).matcher(

3                 this).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(replacement.toString()));

4     }

public int indexOf(String str)

该方法是找出目标字符串是第一次出现指定子字符串的位置,若不存在,则返回-1,若存在,则返回位置坐标。具体实现是调用 static int indexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount, char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount, int fromIndex) 方法。先对目标字符串中出现子字符串的位置可能范围,然后在此范围中遍历找出与子字符串第一个字符相同的位置,并对后面字符进行比较分析。

1       /**

2       * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the

3       * specified substring.

4       */

5      public int indexOf(String str) {

6          return indexOf(str, 0);

7      }

8   

9      /**

10       * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the

11       * specified substring, starting at the specified index.

12       */

13      public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {

14          return indexOf(value, 0, value.length,

15                  str.value, 0, str.value.length, fromIndex);

16      }

17  

18      /**

19       * Code shared by String and StringBuffer to do searches. The

20       * source is the character array being searched, and the target

21       * is the string being searched for.

22       *

23       * @param   source       the characters being searched.

24       * @param   sourceOffset offset of the source string.

25       * @param   sourceCount  count of the source string.

26       * @param   target       the characters being searched for.

27       * @param   targetOffset offset of the target string.

28       * @param   targetCount  count of the target string.

29       * @param   fromIndex    the index to begin searching from.

30       */

31      static int indexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,

32              char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount,

33              int fromIndex) {

34          if (fromIndex >= sourceCount) {

35              return (targetCount == 0 ? sourceCount : -1);

36          }

37          if (fromIndex < 0) {

38              fromIndex = 0;

39          }

40          if (targetCount == 0) {

41              return fromIndex;

42          }

43  

44          char first = target[targetOffset];

45          int max = sourceOffset + (sourceCount - targetCount);

46  

47          for (int i = sourceOffset + fromIndex; i

48              /* Look for first character. */

49              if (source[i] != first) {

50                  while (++i ]

51              }

52  

53              /* Found first character, now look at the rest of v2 */

54              if (i

55                  int j = i + 1;

56                  int end = j + targetCount - 1;

57                  for (int k = targetOffset + 1; j < end && source[j]

58                          == target[k]; j++, k++);

59  

60                  if (j == end) {

61                      /* Found whole string. */

62                      return i - sourceOffset;

63                  }

64              }

65          }

66          return -1;

67      }

public int compareTo(String anotherString)

该方法是对字符串集合进行排序的基础,通过此方法可比较两字符串大小,原理很简单,源代码如下:

1     public int compareTo(String anotherString) {

2         int len1 = value.length;

3         int len2 = anotherString.value.length;

4         int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);

5         char v1[] = value;

6         char v2[] = anotherString.value;

7  

8         int k = 0;

9         while (k < lim) {

10             char c1 = v1[k];

11             char c2 = v2[k];

12             if (c1 != c2) {

13                 return c1 - c2;

14             }

15             k++;

16         }

17         return len1 - len2;

18     }

public boolean startsWith(String prefix)

判断目标字符串是否以指定字符子串开关,该方法内部是调用 public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) 方法实现,原理很简单,代码如下:

 

1     /**

2      * Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.

3      *

4      * @param   prefix   the prefix.

5      */

6     public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {

7         return startsWith(prefix, 0);

8     }

public int hashCode()

其hashCode()代码如下:

1     public int hashCode() {

2         int h = hash;

3         if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {

4             char val[] = value;

5  

6             for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {

7                 h = 31 * h + val[i];

8             }

9             hash = h;

10         }

11         return h;

12     }

the end

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